Drinking water in Brittern, Oberramsern, Unterramsern
6 supply zones — values can differ depending on the district. Below is the zone with the most documented parameters, the others collapsed underneath. To determine the exact match, look up the postcode.
How to read the share of the parametric value
Several samples per year: for chemical parameters the mean value is given, for microbiological ones the highest measured value. There the parametric value is zero — a single finding would disappear in the average, and it is precisely that finding which is the information. Which reference applies is stated in the last column of the table.
WV Aetingen / Brittern
Zweckverband Wasserversorgung Mittlerer BucheggbergAssigned via the water supplier — the exact supply zone boundary within the postcode is not yet linked.
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | 4.35 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 11 % | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Sulphate | 12.95 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Sodium | 4.75 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 2 % | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
Show all recorded parameters (16 — most recent value per parameter)
Microbiology (3)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic mesophilic bacteria | 12 KBE/ml | 300 1/ml | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Intestinal enterococci | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
Chemical parameters (2)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluoride | 0.0975 mg/l | 1.5 mg/l | 7 % | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Nitrate | 4.35 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 11 % | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
Indicator parameters (7)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chloride | 1.5 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Conductivity (25 °C) | 644 µS/cm | — | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Iron | < 1 mg/l below limit of quantification | 0.2 mg/l | cannot be assessed — the limit of quantification of the measurement is above the parametric value | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Manganese | 0.052 mg/l | 50 µg/l | 104 % Mean above the parametric value | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Sodium | 4.75 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 2 % | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Sulphate | 12.95 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Temperature | 9.55 °C | — | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
Annual means and medians are not individual measured values, but the parametric values apply per sample. If a mean lies above it, at least one individual sample was above it — the mean does not say how many, or by how much. That is why this is not reported here as an exceedance of the parametric value. What counts remains the water supplier's publication, which each row links to.
Further parameters (4)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 87.25 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Magnesium | 34.2 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Potassium | 2.05 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
| Total hardness | 36 °fH | — | — | Mean · WV Aetingen / Brittern |
Values taken unchanged from the publications linked below — for each parameter the most recent recorded value. „—" in the parametric value column: no currently valid legal parametric value is stored in our database for this parameter; the parameter register with all parametric values is being expanded continuously.
Postcodes in this zone: 4588
Show 5 more supply zones
Assigned via the water supplier — the exact supply zone boundary within the postcode is not yet linked.
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | 20.2 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 51 % | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Bibern |
| Sulphate | 14.3 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Sodium | 4.9 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 2 % | Mean · WV Bibern |
Show all recorded parameters (15 — most recent value per parameter)
Microbiology (3)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic mesophilic bacteria | 9 KBE/ml | 300 1/ml | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Bibern |
| Intestinal enterococci | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Bibern |
Chemical parameters (1)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | 20.2 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 51 % | Mean · WV Bibern |
Metabolites (2)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorothalonil metabolite R417888 | < 0.02 µg/l below limit of quantification | 0.1 µg/l | < 20 % * | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Chlorothalonil metabolite R471811 | 0.16 µg/l | 0.1 µg/l | 160 % Mean above the parametric value | Mean · WV Bibern |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
Annual means and medians are not individual measured values, but the parametric values apply per sample. If a mean lies above it, at least one individual sample was above it — the mean does not say how many, or by how much. That is why this is not reported here as an exceedance of the parametric value. What counts remains the water supplier's publication, which each row links to.
Indicator parameters (5)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chloride | 8.6 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Conductivity (25 °C) | 558 µS/cm | — | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Sodium | 4.9 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 2 % | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Sulphate | 14.3 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Temperature | 12.7 °C | — | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
Further parameters (4)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 1.6 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Magnesium | 33.8 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Potassium | 1.1 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
| Total hardness | 30 °fH | — | — | Mean · WV Bibern |
Values taken unchanged from the publications linked below — for each parameter the most recent recorded value. „—" in the parametric value column: no currently valid legal parametric value is stored in our database for this parameter; the parameter register with all parametric values is being expanded continuously.
Postcodes in this zone: 4588
WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach
Zweckverband Wasserversorgung Mittlerer BucheggbergAssigned via the water supplier — the exact supply zone boundary within the postcode is not yet linked.
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | 0.03 mg/l | 40 mg/l | < 0.1 % | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Sulphate | 19.35 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Sodium | 4.1 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 2 % | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
Show all recorded parameters (16 — most recent value per parameter)
Microbiology (3)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic mesophilic bacteria | 3 KBE/ml | 300 1/ml | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Intestinal enterococci | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
Chemical parameters (2)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluoride | 0.111 mg/l | 1.5 mg/l | 7 % | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Nitrate | 0.03 mg/l | 40 mg/l | < 0.1 % | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
Metabolites (2)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorothalonil metabolite R417888 | < 0.02 µg/l below limit of quantification | 0.1 µg/l | < 20 % * | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Chlorothalonil metabolite R471811 | 0.1 µg/l | 0.1 µg/l | 100 % Mean above the parametric value | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
Annual means and medians are not individual measured values, but the parametric values apply per sample. If a mean lies above it, at least one individual sample was above it — the mean does not say how many, or by how much. That is why this is not reported here as an exceedance of the parametric value. What counts remains the water supplier's publication, which each row links to.
Indicator parameters (5)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chloride | 9.35 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Conductivity (25 °C) | 511 µS/cm | — | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Sodium | 4.1 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 2 % | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Sulphate | 19.35 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Temperature | 12.4 °C | — | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
Further parameters (4)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 59.7 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Magnesium | 29.1 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Potassium | 1.245 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
| Total hardness | 26.5 °fH | — | — | Mean · WV Hessigkofen-Tscheppach |
Values taken unchanged from the publications linked below — for each parameter the most recent recorded value. „—" in the parametric value column: no currently valid legal parametric value is stored in our database for this parameter; the parameter register with all parametric values is being expanded continuously.
Postcodes in this zone: 4588
WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen
Zweckverband Wasserversorgung Mittlerer BucheggbergAssigned via the water supplier — the exact supply zone boundary within the postcode is not yet linked.
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | 15.1 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 38 % | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Sulphate | 10.5 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Sodium | 7.4 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 4 % | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
Show all recorded parameters (16 — most recent value per parameter)
Microbiology (3)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic mesophilic bacteria | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 300 1/ml | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Intestinal enterococci | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
Chemical parameters (2)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluoride | 0.059 mg/l | 1.5 mg/l | 4 % | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Nitrate | 15.1 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 38 % | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
Indicator parameters (7)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chloride | 8.8 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Conductivity (25 °C) | 534 µS/cm | — | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Iron | < 1 mg/l below limit of quantification | 0.2 mg/l | cannot be assessed — the limit of quantification of the measurement is above the parametric value | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Manganese | 0.046 mg/l | 50 µg/l | 92 % | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Sodium | 7.4 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 4 % | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Sulphate | 10.5 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Temperature | 13.5 °C | — | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
Further parameters (4)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 88 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Magnesium | 9.02 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Potassium | 2.4 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
| Total hardness | 26 °fH | — | — | Mean · WV Kyburg Buchegg / Brügglen und Küttigkofen |
Values taken unchanged from the publications linked below — for each parameter the most recent recorded value. „—" in the parametric value column: no currently valid legal parametric value is stored in our database for this parameter; the parameter register with all parametric values is being expanded continuously.
Postcodes in this zone: 4588
WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf
Zweckverband Wasserversorgung Mittlerer BucheggbergAssigned via the water supplier — the exact supply zone boundary within the postcode is not yet linked.
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | 23.6 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 59 % | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Sulphate | 14.1 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Sodium | 5.3 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 3 % | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
Show all recorded parameters (16 — most recent value per parameter)
Microbiology (3)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic mesophilic bacteria | 4 KBE/ml | 300 1/ml | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Intestinal enterococci | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
Chemical parameters (2)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluoride | 0.104 mg/l | 1.5 mg/l | 7 % | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Nitrate | 23.6 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 59 % | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
Metabolites (2)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorothalonil metabolite R417888 | 0.045 µg/l | 0.1 µg/l | 45 % | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Chlorothalonil metabolite R471811 | 0.24 µg/l | 0.1 µg/l | 240 % Mean above the parametric value | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
Annual means and medians are not individual measured values, but the parametric values apply per sample. If a mean lies above it, at least one individual sample was above it — the mean does not say how many, or by how much. That is why this is not reported here as an exceedance of the parametric value. What counts remains the water supplier's publication, which each row links to.
Indicator parameters (5)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chloride | 10.7 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Conductivity (25 °C) | 577 µS/cm | — | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Sodium | 5.3 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 3 % | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Sulphate | 14.1 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Temperature | 14.1 °C | — | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
Further parameters (4)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 1.7 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Magnesium | 33.8 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Potassium | 1.3 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
| Total hardness | 30.5 °fH | — | — | Mean · WV Lüterswil Gächliwil Aetigkofen Mühledorf |
Values taken unchanged from the publications linked below — for each parameter the most recent recorded value. „—" in the parametric value column: no currently valid legal parametric value is stored in our database for this parameter; the parameter register with all parametric values is being expanded continuously.
Postcodes in this zone: 4588
WV Unterramsern
Zweckverband Wasserversorgung Mittlerer BucheggbergAssigned via the water supplier — the exact supply zone boundary within the postcode is not yet linked.
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | 23.6 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 59 % | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Unterramsern |
| Sulphate | 13.9 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Sodium | 5.1 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 3 % | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
Show all recorded parameters (14 — most recent value per parameter)
Microbiology (3)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerobic mesophilic bacteria | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 300 1/ml | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Unterramsern |
| Intestinal enterococci | nn not detectable Unit not stated in the document | 0/100 ml | — | Maximum · Median nn · WV Unterramsern |
Chemical parameters (2)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fluoride | 0.094 mg/l | 1.5 mg/l | 6 % | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Nitrate | 23.6 mg/l | 40 mg/l | 59 % | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
Indicator parameters (5)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chloride | 10.2 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Conductivity (25 °C) | 575 µS/cm | — | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Sodium | 5.1 mg/l | 200 mg/l | 3 % | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Sulphate | 13.9 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Temperature | 13.6 °C | — | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
Further parameters (4)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 1.2 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Magnesium | 32 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Potassium | 1.2 mg/l | — | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
| Total hardness | 30 °fH | — | — | Mean · WV Unterramsern |
Values taken unchanged from the publications linked below — for each parameter the most recent recorded value. „—" in the parametric value column: no currently valid legal parametric value is stored in our database for this parameter; the parameter register with all parametric values is being expanded continuously.
Postcodes in this zone: 4588
Frequently asked questions about drinking water in Brittern, Oberramsern, Unterramsern
- How hard is the water in Brittern, Oberramsern, Unterramsern?
- Zweckverband Wasserversorgung Mittlerer Bucheggberg publishes a total hardness of 36 °fH for the supply zone WV Aetingen / Brittern — that corresponds to 20.2 °dH. The hardness range is a classification under the German Detergents and Cleaning Products Act (soft below 8,4 °dH, medium 8,4 to 14 °dH, hard above that) and not a quality verdict — it indicates how much calcium and magnesium is dissolved in the water. Basis: 2026, retrieved on 07/08/2026.
- How much nitrate is in the drinking water in Brittern, Oberramsern, Unterramsern?
- Zweckverband Wasserversorgung Mittlerer Bucheggberg publishes a nitrate value of 4.35 mg/l for the supply zone WV Aetingen / Brittern. The statutory parametric value is 40 mg/l; the measured value represents 11 % of the parametric value. Basis: 2026, retrieved on 07/08/2026.
- Who supplies the drinking water in Brittern, Oberramsern, Unterramsern?
- Zweckverband Wasserversorgung Mittlerer Bucheggberg. The values shown here come from the supply zone WV Aetingen / Brittern and apply to the water the supplier delivers. What happens between the building connection and the tap — in old lead pipes, for example — is not covered by these analyses; information on that is provided by owners, the health authority or an examination by an accredited laboratory.
General questions — how current the data is, limit of quantification, parametric values, who is behind this site — are answered under Questions & answers.