Drinking water in 57632
For this postcode the responsible water supplier publishes several supply zones. Which of them serves an individual address is not published — below are the values of the zone with the most documented parameters, the remaining 2 underneath.
How to read the share of the parametric value
Several samples per year: for chemical parameters the mean value is given, for microbiological ones the highest measured value. There the parametric value is zero — a single finding would disappear in the average, and it is precisely that finding which is the information. Which reference applies is stated in the last column of the table.
Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW
TWIST RLP - Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TWAssigned via the water supplier — the exact supply zone boundary within the postcode is not yet linked.
No date is given for these values. The water supplier publishes the analysis without a sampling date and without a report date. When the water was examined is not apparent from the source — we do not add a date and we do not estimate one. What is stated is therefore only when we retrieved the document.
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sum of PFAS | 0.0336 µg/L | 0.1 µg/l | 34 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Nitrate | 27.7 mg/L | 50 mg/l | 55 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Lead | 0.9 µg/L | 10 µg/l | 9 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | 0 Anzahl/100ml | 0/100 ml | — | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Sulphate | 46.8 mg/L | 250 mg/l | 19 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Sodium | 41 mg/L | 200 mg/l | 21 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
Show all recorded parameters (29 — most recent value per parameter)
Microbiology (1)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | 0 Anzahl/100ml | 0/100 ml | — | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
Chemical parameters (14)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimony | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 5 µg/l | < 6 % * | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Arsenic | 0.34 µg/L | 10 µg/l | 3 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Boron | 0.075 mg/L | 1 mg/l | 8 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Cadmium | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 3 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Copper | 0.048 mg/L | 2 mg/l | 2 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Cyanide | < 0.006 mg/L below limit of quantification | 50 µg/l | < 12 % * | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Fluoride | 0.22 mg/L | 1.5 mg/l | 15 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Lead | 0.9 µg/L | 10 µg/l | 9 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Mercury | < 0.1 µg/L below limit of quantification | 1 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Nickel | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 20 µg/l | < 1 % * | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Nitrate | 27.7 mg/L | 50 mg/l | 55 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Nitrite | < 0.01 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.5 mg/l | < 2 % * | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Selenium | 0.64 µg/L | 10 µg/l | 6 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Uranium | 1.9 µg/L | 10 µg/l | 19 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
PFAS (1)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sum of PFAS | 0.0336 µg/L | 0.1 µg/l | 34 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
Indicator parameters (10)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium | 0.001 mg/L | 0.2 mg/l | 0.5 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Ammonium | < 0.05 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.5 mg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Chloride | 57 mg/L | 250 mg/l | 23 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Coliform bacteria | 0 Anzahl/100ml | 0/100 ml | — | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Iron | < 0.0005 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.2 mg/l | < 0.2 % * | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Manganese | < 0.0003 mg/L below limit of quantification | 50 µg/l | < 0.6 % * | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| pH | 7.6 - | 6,5–9,5 | — | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Sodium | 41 mg/L | 200 mg/l | 21 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Sulphate | 46.8 mg/L | 250 mg/l | 19 % | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Temperature | 8 °C | — | — | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
Further parameters (3)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 69 mg/L | — | — | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Magnesium | 18 mg/L | — | — | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
| Potassium | 9.9 mg/L | — | — | Mean · Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW |
Values taken unchanged from the publications linked below — for each parameter the most recent recorded value. „—" in the parametric value column: no currently valid legal parametric value is stored in our database for this parameter; the parameter register with all parametric values is being expanded continuously.
Show 2 more supply zones in this postcode
ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW
TWIST RLP - ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TWAssigned via the water supplier — the exact supply zone boundary within the postcode is not yet linked.
No date is given for these values. The water supplier publishes the analysis without a sampling date and without a report date. When the water was examined is not apparent from the source — we do not add a date and we do not estimate one. What is stated is therefore only when we retrieved the document.
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sum of PFAS | 0 µg/L | 0.1 µg/l | 0 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Nitrate | 18.8 mg/L | 50 mg/l | 38 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Lead | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 3 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | 0 Anzahl/100ml | 0/100 ml | — | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Sulphate | 7.2 mg/L | 250 mg/l | 3 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Sodium | 7.3 mg/L | 200 mg/l | 4 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
Show all recorded parameters (29 — most recent value per parameter)
Microbiology (1)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | 0 Anzahl/100ml | 0/100 ml | — | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
Chemical parameters (14)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimony | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 5 µg/l | < 6 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Arsenic | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 3 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Boron | 0.0029 mg/L | 1 mg/l | 0.3 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Cadmium | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 3 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Copper | 0.0031 mg/L | 2 mg/l | 0.2 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Cyanide | < 0.006 mg/L below limit of quantification | 50 µg/l | < 12 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Fluoride | 0.06 mg/L | 1.5 mg/l | 4 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Lead | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 3 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Mercury | < 0.1 µg/L below limit of quantification | 1 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Nickel | 0.68 µg/L | 20 µg/l | 3 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Nitrate | 18.8 mg/L | 50 mg/l | 38 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Nitrite | < 0.01 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.5 mg/l | < 2 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Selenium | < 0.5 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 5 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Uranium | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 3 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
PFAS (1)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sum of PFAS | 0 µg/L | 0.1 µg/l | 0 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
Indicator parameters (10)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium | 0.013 mg/L | 0.2 mg/l | 6 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Ammonium | < 0.05 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.5 mg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Chloride | 15 mg/L | 250 mg/l | 6 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Coliform bacteria | 0 Anzahl/100ml | 0/100 ml | — | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Iron | < 0.0005 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.2 mg/l | < 0.2 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Manganese | < 0.0003 mg/L below limit of quantification | 50 µg/l | < 0.6 % * | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| pH | 7.71 - | 6,5–9,5 | — | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Sodium | 7.3 mg/L | 200 mg/l | 4 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Sulphate | 7.2 mg/L | 250 mg/l | 3 % | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Temperature | 6 °C | — | — | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
Further parameters (3)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 51 mg/L | — | — | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Magnesium | 4 mg/L | — | — | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
| Potassium | 1.3 mg/L | — | — | Mean · ÜNS Wiesenhof-Breibach von VG Puderbach(WW), TW |
Values taken unchanged from the publications linked below — for each parameter the most recent recorded value. „—" in the parametric value column: no currently valid legal parametric value is stored in our database for this parameter; the parameter register with all parametric values is being expanded continuously.
WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW
TWIST RLP - WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TWAssigned via the water supplier — the exact supply zone boundary within the postcode is not yet linked.
No date is given for these values. The water supplier publishes the analysis without a sampling date and without a report date. When the water was examined is not apparent from the source — we do not add a date and we do not estimate one. What is stated is therefore only when we retrieved the document.
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sum of PFAS | 0 µg/L | 0.1 µg/l | 0 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Nitrate | 6.8 mg/L | 50 mg/l | 14 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Lead | < 1 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | 0 Anzahl/100ml | 0/100 ml | — | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Sulphate | 11 mg/L | 250 mg/l | 4 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Sodium | 9.3 mg/L | 200 mg/l | 5 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
Show all recorded parameters (29 — most recent value per parameter)
Microbiology (1)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Escherichia coli (E. coli) | 0 Anzahl/100ml | 0/100 ml | — | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
Chemical parameters (14)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antimony | < 0.5 µg/L below limit of quantification | 5 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Arsenic | < 1 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Boron | 0.0056 mg/L | 1 mg/l | 0.6 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Cadmium | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 3 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Copper | < 0.05 mg/L below limit of quantification | 2 mg/l | < 3 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Cyanide | < 0.006 mg/L below limit of quantification | 50 µg/l | < 12 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Fluoride | 0.05 mg/L | 1.5 mg/l | 3 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Lead | < 1 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Mercury | < 0.1 µg/L below limit of quantification | 1 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Nickel | < 2 µg/L below limit of quantification | 20 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Nitrate | 6.8 mg/L | 50 mg/l | 14 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Nitrite | < 0.05 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.5 mg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Selenium | < 0.5 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 5 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Uranium | < 0.3 µg/L below limit of quantification | 10 µg/l | < 3 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
PFAS (1)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sum of PFAS | 0 µg/L | 0.1 µg/l | 0 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
Indicator parameters (10)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminium | < 0.02 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.2 mg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Ammonium | < 0.05 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.5 mg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Chloride | 19 mg/L | 250 mg/l | 8 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Coliform bacteria | 0 Anzahl/100ml | 0/100 ml | — | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Iron | < 0.02 mg/L below limit of quantification | 0.2 mg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Manganese | < 0.005 mg/L below limit of quantification | 50 µg/l | < 10 % * | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| pH | 8.25 - | 6,5–9,5 | — | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Sodium | 9.3 mg/L | 200 mg/l | 5 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Sulphate | 11 mg/L | 250 mg/l | 4 % | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Temperature | 12 °C | — | — | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
* Value below the limit of quantification: the actual share of the parametric value is not known; it lies somewhere below the stated upper bound. The marker shows where the limit of quantification of the measurement lies relative to the parametric value.
Further parameters (3)
| Parameter | Value | Parametric value | Share of the parametric value | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium | 27 mg/L | — | — | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Magnesium | 3.2 mg/L | — | — | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
| Potassium | 1.2 mg/L | — | — | Mean · WKA-ÜGS Giershausen/Ziegenhain (WW), TW |
Values taken unchanged from the publications linked below — for each parameter the most recent recorded value. „—" in the parametric value column: no currently valid legal parametric value is stored in our database for this parameter; the parameter register with all parametric values is being expanded continuously.
Frequent questions about postcode 57632
- How much nitrate is in the drinking water in Postcode 57632?
- TWIST RLP - Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW publishes a nitrate value of 27.7 mg/L for the supply zone Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW. The statutory parametric value is 50 mg/l; the measured value represents 55 % of the parametric value. Basis: Publication by the water supplier, retrieved on 13/07/2026.
- Are PFAS detectable in the drinking water in Postcode 57632?
- TWIST RLP - Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW publishes for the supply zone Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW a sum value PFAS-20 of 0.0336 µg/L. The statutory parametric value is 0.1 µg/l; the measured value represents 34 % of the parametric value. For the sum of the 20 individual substances, this parametric value has applied since 12/01/2026. Basis: Publication by the water supplier, retrieved on 13/07/2026.
- Who supplies the drinking water in Postcode 57632?
- TWIST RLP - Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW. The values shown here come from the supply zone Übern.-schacht Kescheid von KWW Neuwied(WW),TW and apply to the water the supplier delivers. What happens between the building connection and the tap — in old lead pipes, for example — is not covered by these analyses; information on that is provided by owners, the health authority or an examination by an accredited laboratory.
General questions — how current the data is, limit of quantification, parametric values, who is behind this site — are answered under Questions & answers.